Speech on the th Anniversary of the Declaration Niagara Movement Speech. The Philadelphia Negro. Lynch Law in America. Speech in the Senate on the Disenfranchisement of The Educational and Industrial Emancipation of the Industrial Education for the Negro. The Souls of Black Folk. State of the Union Address Part I First Inaugural Address National Association for the Advancement of Colore The Intellectuals and the Boston Mob.
Open Letters to Woodrow Wilson. Final Report on Negro Subversion. President Harding and Social Equality. Race Assimilation. The True Solution of the Negro Problem. Who and What is a Negro. Racial Ideals. The Name "Negro". Social Change and Reform. The Corruption of Municipal Politics.
The Subjective Necessity of Social Settlements. Theodore Roosevelt to Lincoln Steffens. Confession of Faith. Progressive Party Platform of Campaign Address in Scranton, Penn. What is Progress? Progressive Democracy. Lincoln as a Leader of Men. Buck v. Who is a Progressive? Letter to Robert Bacon. Foreign Policy. League of Nations Covenant. The Command of the Pacific.
The Annexation of Hawaii. The March of the Flag Campaign Speech. Address Accepting Democratic Presidential Nominati An Address to Congress on the Mexican Crisis. Letter to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Strict Accountability. The House-Grey Memorandum. The Zimmermann Telegram. War Message to Congress. The Russian Ambassador Bakhmeteff to the Secreta The Archangel Expedition.
William E. Borah on the Necessity for Naval Disarm The Secretary of State to the Chairman of the Comm New Nationalism Speech.
The State. The leading advocate of this policy is Ezekiel Emanuel, the former Obama administration official and current Biden COVID task force adviser, who is now being promoted in a full court press in the US print and broadcast media. It is a plan for COVID in perpetuity, with wave after wave, variant after variant, taking countless lives each year.
Emanuel claims—rightly—that the medical profession is averse to such cost-benefit analysis. Seventy-five percent of those who have died from COVID have been above the retirement age of 65, and 93 percent have been over the age of Their anger is justified.
But the fact is that Walensky was speaking not only for herself, not only for the Biden administration, but for the entire capitalist class. NARRATOR: Determined not only to meet the new challenges, but to master them, a veritable army of educated, middle- and upper-middle class Americans had launched a crusade to remake society——to eliminate corruption, stamp out disease and vice, assimilate the immigrant and uplift the poor——all in the name of Progress.
This fueled an already existing American optimism about what can be improved and it directed it into a particular track, which was scientific improvement. There was a great belief in government, in bureaucracy as a tool for solving social problems, and also a belief in collectivism, that the population needs to work together to improve society. So that was an incredibly hopeful and optimistic idea.
Eugenics was part of that. And then he finds this psychologist in New Jersey, and he begins to zero in on low intelligence, something known as feeblemindedness. But what he lacked in data, he more than made up for with enthusiasm. Not only was Goddard interested in the new science of heredity, he asked Davenport to guide him in making his own study of feeblemindedness.
It was, in part, an interest in education that had brought him to Vineland in He'd spent the three years since trying to parse the many varieties of feeblemindedness, an all-too-common mental deficiency associated with anti-social behavior.
Some of Vineland's inmates were violent or deranged, others unruly, still others merely slow. Hoping to improve their individual care and training, Goddard had pioneered the use of an "intelligence test," which purported to measure a person's mental abilities in relation to that of so-called "normal" people of the same age. The scores enabled him to sort his charges into categories. To the existing classifications of "idiot" and "imbecile," which long had been used to describe debilitating mental impairment, Goddard had added a third—-a higher-functioning group he called "morons.
As Goddard put it to the New Jersey State Conference of Charities and Corrections in "Feeblemindedness is at the root of probably two-thirds of the problems that you And we love explanations like that. NARRATOR: Goddard reasoned that if the test he'd devised to better care for the feebleminded instead were used to identify them, the contagion could be halted——and future generations spared the scourges of mental deficiency. NARRATOR: By early , Charles Davenport was convinced that certain human traits were passed down in a predictable way——and that American society could be dramatically improved if only reproduction were controlled.
Anxious to spread the word, he began to lay plans for a new institution dedicated to eugenic research and education.
Harriman, widow of a recently-deceased railroad magnate. They feed the poor. They clothe the poor. Harriman that the future of the country was at stake and that only a eugenic project could save it. And so there was this social mission of really fighting dependency, fighting crime through eugenics. The idea was that eugenics would solve all of these broader social problems if enacted in a robust way.
Harriman was a great believer in the importance of proper matings——she credited her late husband's interest in horse-breeding for that——and she enthusiastically pledged to finance Davenport's eugenic enterprise. The idea that somehow or the other that you can get the best humans by selectively breeding the best, most fit, heartiest, most beautiful.
You find it in Sanskrit texts. You find it in Greek texts. The trouble is that only some human beings can dictate or decide what those, what the correct features might be. Who decides? It was a modest structure built for a grand purpose: to house hereditary information on American families and use it to guide the reproductive choices of the nation. But Davenport gave eugenics teeth.
He was institutionalizing eugenics. He was marshaling people around a research program. Day-to-day operations, meanwhile, would be overseen by Harry Laughlin, a high school superintendent from the Midwest with a lifelong passion for poultry breeding.
They both believed in the mission and they believed in the cause. NARRATOR: To gather new disciples to the cause——and to aid in the collection of data——Laughlin and Davenport launched an academic program, which offered training in eugenic field-research techniques.
Over the course of six weeks each summer, recent college graduates——from Vassar, Harvard, Oberlin——were taught how to investigate family histories; how to conduct interviews and make eugenically useful measurements; and how to chart family pedigrees and analyze them.
Then, at a salary of seventy-five dollars a month, came a year's work in the field. Armed with the official "Trait Book," which assigned numerical codes to a broad spectrum of human characteristics, the newly-minted researchers fanned out: to study delinquents in the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute of Chicago, the insane at the New Jersey State Hospital at Matawan, albinos in Massachusetts, circus families at Coney Island, the Amish in Pennsylvania.
No checking. NARRATOR: Year by year——as trainees rotated out of the summer program and into positions at universities, hospitals and mental institutions——Davenport's assumptions and methods of fieldwork gained currency all across the country. And year by year, the data accumulated.
This is cold, hard, pure science. The cost to society of these strains is enormous. And that idea really sold. So they understood from the beginning that they needed to persuade those who were in a position to do something about it that it was possible, indeed, desirable. NARRATOR: The Eugenics Record Office recommended both widespread eugenic education and aggressive government intervention: laws that would keep defectives out of the country, prohibit them from marrying, and prevent them from becoming parents by segregating them in asylums throughout their reproductive years.
Also recommended was a new and somewhat controversial surgical procedure known as "sterilization. So far, the technique had been used primarily on criminals——particularly sex offenders——and it was thought to have a curative effect.
Harry Laughlin envisioned a broader application: as a eugenic tool that would eliminate defective germ-plasm once and for all. Of a religious movement. You have to start with a few converts and then you try to grow it into a bigger movement.
All that seemed exciting and full of possibility and they were gonna create a new world. NARRATOR: The eugenics movement that Charles Davenport had launched rested on Mendel's laws of inheritance, which assumed each trait was governed by one gene, and was passed down in predictable patterns. But for all of Davenport's certainty about the gene, there remained open questions——about the gene's physical properties, and its location within the cell, and the means by which it accomplished its function.
All over the world, scientists looked to fast-breeding organisms in search of clues. Some focused their experiments on the sea urchin, which turned out a new generation each year; others, on the even speedier meal worm, with its larvae-to-larvae cycle of four months. For zoologist Thomas Hunt Morgan, the organism of choice was the fruit fly——which was capable of reproducing in just ten days. For nearly a decade, they'd been holed up there, on the sixth floor of Schermerhorn Hall, breeding flies in half-pint milk bottles pilfered from the campus cafeteria.
Thousands upon thousands of mutants were crossed, and the results meticulously recorded: white-eyed, bristled, red-eyed, short-winged. When the data was collated, Morgan made a startling discovery: the mechanism of heredity in flies was far more complex than in Mendel's peas. And because they live in chromosomes often they travel in packs. He had served on the board at the Eugenics Record Office since it opened. But based on the lessons he'd learned in the Fly Room, it seemed clear that eugenic science, such as it was, had no business informing American laws.
So he backed away but privately. At this point, the eugenics movement would not be stalled by the minutae of science. Over the next nine months, the number would reach more than eighteen million. Billed as "an encyclopedia of modern achievement," the fair offered a dizzying array of diversions and curiosities: a minute ride over a functioning replica of the recently-completed Panama Canal; an assembly line that turned out eighteen Model T's a day; a fifty-seven-tier tower built entirely of Heinz condiment products.
It was an opportunity for the United States to demonstrate the power of science and technology, and also a utopian vision looking towards the future. Housed in the Palace of Education, the display featured imposing plaster casts of Atlas, Venus and Apollo; a collection of medical instruments used to gauge human biological capacity; and a welter of charts, graphs, and lists that outlined the way eugenics would better the human race.
All of it was the work of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, a fierce proponent of what he called "biologic living. He was a health reformer, and a physician, and an amazing entrepreneur, and he developed all these regimens, and invented different medical instruments, had a whole dietary plan. He invents something called cornflakes to help cleanse your bowels. And he had a spa in Battle Creek, Michigan, and lots of eugenicists came to the Battle Creek Sanatorium to have their bowels cleansed and to talk about eugenics.
It was about health. He linked these views about heredity, which were difficult to change, with these ideas about what human beings can do to improve themselves. So there was more than one way to improve heredity. With assistance from Charles Davenport——who had supplied him with both data and contacts——Kellogg had organized not only the Race Betterment exhibit, but also a major eugenics conference at the Fair. The turnout exceeded expectation——drawing reform-minded medical professionals, university presidents, conservationists, and business leaders from all over the country and across the political spectrum.
It makes men unemployable. Eugenics wants to get rid of all those things too. So it manages to match up with the concerns of many other different kinds of reforms.
It was a fundamentally broad and sweeping social and political agenda to try to recreate society, one might say, in their own image.
The Eugenics Movement was coalescing. It was solidifying. And may even still be happening. Read the interview with Belly of the Beast filmmaker Erika Cohn to learn more.
And as Cohn references in that interview, saw the revelation that there were forced sterilizations performed in an ICE detention center in Georgia. Lisa Ko is a New York City-based writer and editor. Laughlin Papers, Truman State University More recently, California prisons are said to have authorized sterilizations of nearly female inmates between and Here are some other important cases: Buck v.
Bell : Relf v.
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